Jahari Window Essay Example for Free

Jahari Window EssayThe Johari Window, named after the first names of its inventors, Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham, is one of the most useful models describing the process of human interaction. A four paned window divides personal awareness into four different types, as represented by its four quadrants open, hidden, blind, and unknown. The lines dividing the four panes are like window shades, which can move as an interaction progresses (Daft, 2011 pg. 273-276).The Johari Window concept would be particularly helpful for leaders to promote understanding employee/employer singingships and is a simple and useful tool for illustrating and improving self-awareness, and coarse understanding between individuals within a group. The Johari Window actually represents information such as feelings, experience, views, attitudes, skills, intentions, motivation, etc, within or about a person, in relation to their group, from four perspectives (Daft, 2011, pg. 275).The Johari Window model can also be used to represent the same information for a group in relation to early(a) groups. Johari Window shapeinology refers to self and others self means oneself, ie, the person subject to the Johari Window analysis. Others means other people in the persons group or aggroup (Dart, 2011, pg. 275). The Johari window, essentially being a model for communication, can also reveal difficulties in this area. In Johari terms, two people attempt to communicate via the open quadrants.On the simplest level, difficulties may arise due to a lack of clarity in the interaction, such as poor grammar or choice of words, unorganized thoughts, faulty logical system etc. This induces the receiver to criticize you, the sender, by revealing something that was in your blind quadrant. Then, if the feedback works, you correct it immediately, or perhaps on a more long term approach take a course in reading and writing. On a deeper level, you may be in a group meeting, and while you on the Q.T. sympathiz e with the minority viewpoint, you voted with the majority.However, blind to you, you actually may be communicating this information via body language, in conflict with your verbal message. On an even deeper level, you in an interaction with others, may always put on a smiling, happy face, hiding all negative feelings. By withholding negative feelings, you may be signaling to your friends to withhold also, and keep their distance. Thus, your communication style may seem bland or distant (Chapman, 2010).

Small Basic and Programming Essay Example for Free

Small prefatory and Programming EssayComputer Programming is defined as the ferment of creating calculator software architectural plan using scheduling languages. Just like we speak and understand English or Spanish or French, computers put up understand weapons platforms create verbally in certain languages. These are called computer programmeing languages. In the beginning there were righteous a few programming languages and they were really easy to learn and comprehend. exactly as computers and software became more(prenominal) and more sophisticated, programming languages evolved fast, gathering more complex concepts along the way. As a result most modern programming languages and their concepts are pretty challenging to grasp by a beginner. This fact has started discouraging people from learning or attempting computer programming. Small Basic is a programming language that is designed to make programming extremely easy, approachable and fun for beginners. Small Basics intention is to bring down the breastwork and serve as a stepping st unity to the amazing world of computer programming.The Small Basic EnvironmentLet us start with a libertine introduction to the Small Basic Environment. When you startle launch SmallBasic, you will see a window that looks like the following figure.Figure 1 The Small Basic EnvironmentThis is the Small Basic Environment, where well write and run our Small Basic programs. This environment has several distinct elements which are identified by numbers. The Editor, identified by 1 is where we will write our Small Basic programs. When you open a sample program or a previously beard program, it will show up on this editor. You can then modify it and save if for later use. You can also open and work with more than one program at one time. Each program you are working with will be displayed in a separate editor. The editor that contains the program you are currently working with is called the active editor. The Toolbar, identified by 2 is used to issue commands either to the active editor or the environment. Well learn about the various commands in the toolbar as we go. The Surface, identified by 3 is the place where all the editor windows go.Our low gear-class honours degree ProgramNow that you are familiar with the Small Basic Environment, we will go ahead and start programming in it. Like we just noted above, the editor is the place where we write our programs. So lets go ahead and type the following phone line in the editor. TextWindow.WriteLine(Hello adult male)This is our first Small Basic program. And if you earn typed it correctly, you should see something similar to the figure below.Figure 2 First ProgramNow that we have typed our modernistic program, lets go ahead and run it to see what happens. We can run our program either by clicking on the Run button on the toolbar or by using the shortcut key, F5 on the keyboard. If e realthing goes well, our program should run with t he result as shown below.Figure 3 First Program Output extolment You have just written and run the first Small Basic program. A very small and simple program, but nevertheless a deep step towards becoming a real computer programmer Now, theres just one more detail to cover before we go on to create bigger programs. We have to understand what just happened what exactly did we tell the computer and how did the computer know what to do? In the next chapter, well break up the program we just wrote, so we can gain that understanding.As you typed your first program, you might have commemorated that a popup appeared with a list of levels (Figure 4). This is called intellisense and it helps you type your program faster. You can traverse that list by pressing the Up/Down arrow keys, and when you find something you want, you can hit the Enter key to insert the selected item in your program.Figure 4 IntellisenseSaving our programIf you want to close Small Basic and come back later to wo rk on the program you just typed, you can save the program. It is in fact a good practice to save programs from time to time, so that you dont lose reading in the event of an accidental shutdown or a power failure. You can save the current program by either clicking on the save icon on the toolbar or by using the shortcut Ctrl+S (press the S key while holding down the Ctrl key).Chapter 2Understanding Our First ProgramWhat really is a computer program?A program is a set of didacticss for the computer. These instructions tell the computer precisely what to do, and the computer always follows these instructions. Just like people, computers can only follow instructions if specified in a language they can understand. These are called programming languages. at that place are very many languages that the computer can understand and Small Basic is one. Imagine a conversation happening between you and your friend. You and your friends would use words, organised as sentences to convey inf ormation back and forth. Similarly, programming languages contain collections of words that can be organized into sentences that convey information to the computer.And programs are basically sets of sentences (sometimes just a few and sometimes many thousands) that together make sense to both the There are many languages that the computer programmer and the computer alike. can understand. Java, C++, Python, VB, etc. are all powerful modern computer languages that Small Basic Programs are used to develop simple to complex software A typical Small Basic program consists of a bunch programs. of statements. Every line of the program represents a statement and every statement is an instruction for the computer. When we ask the computer to execute a Small Basic program, it takes the program and reads the first statement. It understands what were trying to say and then executes our instruction. Once its make executing our first statement, it comes back to the program and reads and execute s the second line. It continues to do so until it reaches the end of the program. That is when our program finishes.Back to Our First ProgramHere is the first program we wrote TextWindow.WriteLine(Hello World) This is a very simple program that consists of one statement. That statement tells the computer to write a line of text which is Hello World, into the Text Window. It literally translates in the computers mind to Write Hello World You might have already noticed that the statement can in turn be split into smaller segments much like sentences can be split into words. In the first statement we have 3 distinct segments a) TextWindow b) WriteLine c) Hello World The dot, parentheses and the quotes are all punctuations that have to be placed at appropriate positions in the statement, for the computer to understand our intent. You might remember the black window that appeared when we ran our first program.That black window is called the TextWindow or sometimes referred to as the Cons ole. That is where the result of this program goes. TextWindow, in our program, is called an object. There are a number of such objects available for us to use in our programs. We can perform several different operations on these objects. Weve already used theWriteLine operation in our program. You might also have noticed that the WriteLine operation is followed by Hello World inside quotes. This text is passed as input Punctuations such as quotes, spaces and to the WriteLine operation, which it then prints parenthesis are very important in a computer out to the user. This is called an input to the program. Based on their position and count, operation. Some operations take one or more they can change the meaning of what is being inputs while others dont take any expressed.Our Second ProgramNow that you have understood our first program, lets go ahead and make it fancier by adding some colors. TextWindow.ForegroundColor = yellow-bellied TextWindow.WriteLine(Hello World)Figure 5 Add ing ColorsWhen you run the above program, youll notice that it prints out the same Hello World phrase inside TextWindow, but this time it prints it out in yellow instead of the gray that it did earlier.Figure 6 Hello World in YellowNotice the new statement we added to our original program. It uses a new word, ForegroundColor which we equated to a value of Yellow. This means weve assigned Yellow to ForegroundColor. Now, the difference between ForegroundColor and the operation WriteLine is that ForegroundColor did not take any inputs nor did it need any parenthesis. Instead it was followed by an equals to symbol and a word. We define ForegroundColor as a Property of TextWindow. Here is a list of values that are valid for the ForegroundColor property. Try replacing Yellow with one of these and see the results dont go forth the quotes, they are required punctuations.

Handwashing Practices among Health Workers

tip over dry wash up Practices among wellness WorkersBACKGROUND hatful wash drawing or overturn hygiene is the process of cleaning ones tump overs with or without the intention of water supply or a nonher liquid, or with the use of soap for the purpose of removing soil, dirt, and/or microorganisms.Handwashing involves five fair and effective travel Wet, Lather, Scrub, Rinse and Dry. Regular strainwashing, explodeicularly before and after certain activities, is one of the best ways to remove germs, avoid getting sick, and prevent the spread of germs to others. Its simple, its quick, and it lavatory keep us all from getting infected (CDC, 2016).The provision of wellnesscare worldwide is always associated with a potential range of safety fusss. Yet, despite advances in healthcare systems, patients remain vulnerable to unintentional harm in infirmarys (Devnani et al. 2011 Mani et al. 2010). One of the most significant, current discussions in healthcare deliin truth in hospitals is healthcare associated transmittal (HAI), some(a)times called hospital acquired transmission system (Mani et al. 2010 Momen Fernie 2010) or nosocomial infection, which is any infection that a person develops as a result of treatment in hospital (Minnaar 2008, 2).Nosocomial infection is a global public health problem with an estimated 1.5 million suffering consequences at any given time WHO,2009 noted that at least 25% of all hospital infections in the developing world are nosocomially acquired. The cash in ones chipss of health care providers are major agents of infection transmittance in hospitals leading to the campaign to improve hand hygiene, Clean Care is Safer Care WHO, 2005. Two types of hand colonizing flora are predominant in hand skins. These are the Resident flora that are not easily removed by the simple friction associated hand washing and the Transient microorganisms which are not usually hand colonizers but they are most likely associated with infecti on Grayson, 2009. Various types of such(prenominal) microbes are found on patients, instruments and other items and are cardinal in infection transmissionHubner, 2006. Improper hand washing practices serve as means of infection transmission in hospital wards (Duckro, 2005).Hand hygiene was thought to be a key eventor in reducing hospital acquired infection during the initial development of healthcare systems (Akyol 2007 Ott French 2009). The battle with HAI started when the Hungarian obstetrician, Semmelweis (1847), observed that puerperal fever was more common on a maternity ward, where physicians and medical students provided care to women in labour, than it was on the ward where midwives assisted deliveries. He noted that physicians and medical students were contaminating their hands while performing autopsies and later attending the examination of women without hand washing. Arguably, he was the first to recognise the importance of hand washing in controlling the transmissi on of infection (Akyol 2007 Meers et al. 1992 Trampuz Widmer 2004). Equally important was the work of Florence Nightingale during the Crimean war, when she called for basic public health in a military machine hospital in Scutari in 1854.PROBLEM STATEMENTinfirmary acquired infections has resulted in many negative impacts on health workers, patients and families over the world (WHO2012). The working environment, health workers and patients are the main reservoirs of hospital acquired related infection (weber, 2013).The transmission of infection from patient to patient mainly occurs at the hands of health workers (Ellingson K, 2014). The hands of health professionals are contaminated during patient care on a daily bases despite wearing gloves (Kendal A, 2012).Handwashing is critical in the prevention of hospital acquired infections. It is a very simple procedure and work well in the prevention of diseases as people are the carriers of pathogenic microbes. The practice is however unac ceptably low among health workers (Takahashi Turale 2010 Trampuz Widmer 2004).Hand hygiene compliancy rates in different developed countries rarely exceed 50% (Mani et al. 2010 Maxfield Dull 2011 Ott French 2009). For instance, figures show that in the regular army it is 50%, in Switzerland 42% and in the UK 32% (Takahashi Turale 2010). Hence, poor accordance has resulted in high morbidity and mortality. In the USA, there are between 1.7 and 2 million people who contract HAI and 88 to 99 thousand deaths are attributed to HAI annually. Furthermore, HAI affects nearly 10% of hospitalised patients and presents major challenges in healthcare facilities. Consequently, annual medical expenses collapse increased in the USA to approximately $ 4.5 billion (Maxfield Dull 2011 Smith Lokhorst 2009 Trampuz Widmer 2004).Hand hygiene practice among HCWs is considered to be the single most clinical and constitute effective streak to prevent HAI, a view recognised internationally (Mome n Fernie 2010 Ott French 2009 Takahashi Turale 2010).The World Health Organisation (WHO) strongly emphasise the essential urgency for hand hygiene during healthcare delivery, to avoid possible infection and subsequent complications hence, the Clean Care is Safe Care programme, launched by WHO in 2005 as part of the First Global Patient Safety Challenge. This programme offers new guidelines on hand hygiene training, observation and performance reporting in healthcare settings. turn out of every 100 hospitalized patients, at least 7 in high-income and 10 in low-/middle-income countries result acquire a healthcare-associated infection. Among critically ill and vulnerable patients in intensive care units, that figure rises to around 30 per 100 (who,2014).Factors that contribute to poor hand washing compliance include absence of hand washing sinks, time striked to perform hand hygiene, patients condition, effect of hand-hygiene products on the skin and inadequate knowledge of the g uidelines(Larson and Kretzer, 1995 Simmons et al., 1999Meengs et al., 1994 Doebbeling et al., 1992 Voss and Widmer, 1997).PURPOSE OF THE STUDYThe purpose of this conceive is to determine the knowledge, carriage, and practices of healthworkers and alike compare between healthworkers regarding their knowledge, attitude, and practices on hand washing.MAIN OBJECTIVETo determine hand washing practices among health workers in the Tamale West Hospital.SPECIFIC OBJECTIVESAssess the knowledge, practices and attitudes of healthworkers on handwashingAssess the differences across age groups, sex activity and experience regarding KAP of handwashingCompare between healthworkers regarding KAP of handwashingAssess the availability of resources for handwashingRESEARCH QUESTIONSWhat is the knowledge, practices and attitudes of healthworkers concerning handwashing?Are there differences across age groups, sexual activity and experience regarding KAP of handwashing?Can KAP between healthworkers re garding handwashing be compared?Are there available resources for handwashing?SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYHand washing is considered the most important single and simple practice for preventing hospital acquired infection. An intricate problem may be caused by a number of factors if there is failure to practice effective hand washing. pinch the factors that influence this behavior is key to change the behavior of poor effective hand washing practices.More studies are needed to identify, which of the factors contribute significantly to the problem of poor compliance with hand washing recommendation.OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMSHand washingHand washing is the process of cleaning ones hands with or without the use of water or another liquid, or with the use of soap for the purpose of removing soil, dirt, and/or microorganisms.Health care workersProfessional personnel working in clinical setting of a health facilityVeronica pailfulsBuckets used to store water for washing of handsNosoco mial infection/hospital acquired infection are infections gotten from the hospital setting.LITERATURE REVIEWKNOWLEDGE, PRACTICES AND ATTITUDES OF HEALTHWORKERS ON HANDWASHINGHand hygiene practice among HCWs is considered to be the single most clinical and cost effective measure to prevent HAI, a view recognized globally. Despite the relative simplicity of this procedure, adherence to hand washing recommendations is unacceptably low, usually well below 50% (Ekwere Okafor, 2013). Most nosocomial infections are thought to be transmitted by the hands of health care workers. It has long been known that hand hygiene among health care workers plays a central role in preventing the transmission of infectious agents. Hand-washing (HW) is the most effectiveway of preventing the spread of infectious diseases But despite a Joint consignment requirementthat Centers for Disease Control and Prevention hand hygiene guidelines be implemented in hospitals, compliance among health care workers remai ns low The reasons for low compliance to hand hygiene rescue not been defined in developing countries probably due to limited studies on hand hygiene. Factors that contribute to noncompliance to HW among health careworkers are lack of awareness and knowledge among health care workers as regard the importance, techniques, methods and quality of hand hygiene (Abd El Aziz Bakr, 2009).Alex-Hart and Opara, (2011) study on hand washing revealed that, more than halve (55.4%) of the health workers lacked the knowledge of good hand washing technique as most believed it involved the use of soapy water in a basin. This may be due to the fact that running water is not readily available, so the use of soapy water in a basin may stir been the available alternative. With its repeated use over time, most health workers may have come to perceive it as the ideal hand washing technique.The NMCS Code of Standards and Conduct requires nurses and midwifes to provide a highstandard of practical care al l the time. Yet, the momentum for hand hygiene, some nurses are palliate presenting with low compliance because they perceive it as not their problem, that it is something to do with infection control staff and they have to deal with it . Furthermore, Nazarko (2009) indicates that nurses often fail to practise hand hygiene because they are busy and they feel hand hygiene takes up precious time. In addition, nurses often perceive that gloves can be used as an alternative to hand hygiene. They usually tend to remove the gloves without washing their hands or use the same gloves to deliver intended care to multiple patients. counterbalance when they remove their gloves, only 20% of nurses actually clean their hands (Ott French 2009). According to Canham, (2011) nurses avoid hand hygiene because they are frightened that skin problems such as dermatitis could develop, especially with alcohol hand-rubs.DIFFERENCES ACROSS AGE GROUPS, GENDER AND EXPERIENCE REGARDING KAP OF HANDWASHINGNurs es tend to wash their hands more often than doctors and among non-health care workers, egg-producing(prenominal)s tend to wash their hands more often than males. This study examined the influence of gender on the hand washing rates of health care workers (HCWs). The null hypotheses were that, there would be no inter-gender difference in either hand washing rates in healthcare workers across professions, or within professional groups. Although increased compliance with hand washing protocols has been shown to decrease infection rates, hand washing compliance remains poor, particularly among some professional groups. Studies of hand washing oftenness have recorded hand washing rates following patient receive ranging from 10.6% to 61%, and significant differences have long been noted in hand washing frequency between professional groups such as nurses and doctors. ( caravan de Mortel, 2001)Van de Mortel, (2001) studies again found out found that, registered nurses (RNs) serve their hands following patient contact significantly more often than doctors in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). The RNs washed their hands 71% percent of the time, whilst junior and senior resident doctors (RMOs) washed their hands 50% of the time and specialists washed only 25% of the time. He postulated that, failure to wash hands may be a gender-related phenomenon. The proportion of female nurses is considerably higher than the proportion of female doctors. In the above study, 90% of the nurses were female 45% of RMOs and 6% of specialists were female. (Van de Mortel, 2001). Several studies have examined, among other variables, the influence of gender on hand washing frequency in health care workers however these studies arrived at conflicting conclusions. Van de Mortel, (2001) found that hand washing frequency in the emergency department was lower among female nurses, RMOs and specialists than among males within each of those groups, however, the sample size of the study was small (n = 13 nurses, 11 RMOs, and 11 specialists).In contrast, in an extensive study of hand washing practices in two countries, it revealed that female health care workers were washing their hands more frequently than males, careless(predicate) of occupational group. However, this study was based on self-reported practices collected by questionnaire, and a degree of bias may have been introduced due to the fact that non-responders may have exhibited different behavior than responders. at that place is also a tendency for people to overestimate socially desirable behavior when answering questionnaires. To illustrate the latter point, Van de Mortel, collected info on hand washing frequency among doctors, both by means of questionnaires and by covert observation. He found that doctors estimated that they washed their hands 73% of the time, but the data collected by covert observation showed the percentage of doctors washing their hands following patient contact was in fact only 10.8%.METHO DOLOGYThis chapter describes the study area, the study design, the study population and the take in procedure as well as the recruitment of respondents and the data collection procedure. The data entry and analysis is also outlined in this chapter.RESEARCH DESIGNThis study is a cross-sectional study method designed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of health workers in TTH towards handwashing. Including assessing the differences across age groups, gender and experience regarding knowledge, attitude and practices of handwashing, and also, compare between healthworkers regarding KAP of handwashingRESEARCH SETTINGThe study will be conducted at the Tamale Teaching Hospital (TTH). It is a foremost tertiary referral centre providing patient care to residents of Tamale and neighboring towns and cities. There are 30 wards in Tamale Teaching Hospital. There are 74 doctors and 655nurses at the hospital. Hand-washing facilities are located in all the wards and clinics in the hos pitals. Each ward is provided with at least a Veronica bucket for hand washing, running tap water, soap (liquid or cake) and sometimes, a towel for hand drying.TARGET POPULATIONThis study targets the clinical staff of the Tamale Teaching Hospital with a total population of 729. There are 31 wards in Tamale Teaching HospitalSAMPLE, SAMPLE SIZE, AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUEThe sample size is 360 respondents this was arrived at by the using Cochran formula.Sample Size = z2 * p(1-p) / e2 / 1 + z2 * p(1-p) / e2 * NN = population sizez = z-scoree = margin of errorp = standard of excursusN= 729Z= 1.96 (using 95% confidence interval)E=0.05P= 0.5Sample size = (1.96)2*0.5(1-0.5)/0.052 / 1 + 1.962*0.5(1-0.5)/0.052* NSample size = 384.16/1.076Sample size= 357An free 3 was added to make it a total of 360 respondents. There are 30 wards in the hospital. 12 respondents would be sampled from each ward if they are eligible for the study.cellular inclusion CRITERIARespondents must be registered healthcar e workers in the Tamale Teaching Hospital.EXCLUSION CRITERIAMedical, nursing and other clinician students are excluded from this study.DATA COLLECTION TOOLA well-structured questionnaire will be used to collect socio-demographic data, knowledge on handwashing from the respondents.PROCEDURE FOR DATA COLLECTIONProbability sampling technique will be used. This is to help get an rival proportion of participants from the various wards used. The data collection will employ the use of structured questionnaire which respondents will check and will also give short answers to some questions to solicit data from respondents. All the wards will be successfully visited on a daily basis to get eligible participants for the study. These wards will be visited on a daily bases recruiting respondents until the last questionnaire is administered.The wards in the Tamale Teaching Hospital includePurposive sampling will be used to select clinicians from the hospital who will be available during the data collection from Tamale Teaching Hospital.The study data will be collected based on the socio-demographic characteristics of respondents, general knowledge somewhat handwashing, assess the differences across age groups, gender and their experiences regarding handwashing through the use of a structured questionnaire administered by the research assistants with minimal clarification from the research assistants. Primary data will be collected and used in the analysis.DATA ANALYSISThe data will be coded in excel and then entered into SPSS V.16 for analysis. Responses will be assigned codes in the form of numbers, which will make it easy for keying in the results into a computer format. Univariate analysis will be done for socio-demographic characteristics of respondents and also for areas that require only descriptive statistics. Bivariate analysis will be performed to find associations or relationships between socio-demographic characteristics and level of knowledge, attitudes and p ractices of clinicians on handwashing. Likert item was rated on a 1-5 response scale where strongly agree=5, agree-4, neutral=3, disagree=2, strongly disagree=1. The scores were graded into positive, neutral or negative.ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONSEthical approval to use the hospital was from the Ethics and Research Committee of the hospital. Formal consent will also be obtained from the respondents prior to administration of questionnaire. Individual participants will be told that the study is purely for academic purpose and names as well as addresses will not be and also needed assuring them of their privacy and confidentiality. Respondents were also told that they had the right not to participate in the study.LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The cost and inexperience of researchers in conducting this study will be a challenge. Also, bias in the sampling procedure can also occur.REFERENCESAbd Elaziz, K.M. Bakr, I.M (2009) . Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of hand washing among h ealth care workers in Ain Shams University hospitals, Cairo, Egypt J PREV MED HYG 2009 50 19-25Alex-Hart A. B. and Opara, P. I. (2011). Handwashing Practices amongst Health Workers in a Teaching Hospital. American Journal of Infectious Diseases 7 (1) 8-15, 2011Ekwere, T. A Okafor P. I (2013) Hand hygiene knowledge and practices among healthcare providers in a tertiary hospital, South West NigeriaNazarko, L. 2009. Potential pitfalls in adherence to hand washing in the community, British Journal of Community Nursing 142, 64-68.Ott, M. French, R. 2009. Hand hygiene compliance among healthcare staff and student nurses in a mental health setting, Mental Health Nursing 30, 702-704.Van de Mortel, T. F. (2001) Gender Influences Hand washing Rates In the CriticalCare Unit. American Journal of Infection Control, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 395-399.

Introduction To The Perfect Competition

ingressway To The Perfect CompetitionMicroeconomics is well-nigh economizing choices among alternatives uses of scarce resources. The choices atomic number 18 made up by the individuals. businesses, and government units. Scarcity potful be say as the central of the economic theory. Economic analysis is fundamentally about the maximization of leisure time, wealth, health, happiness, these argon all commonly reduced to the concept of utility subjects to constraints. These constraints or scarcity define a trade off. For example, we send packing admit more money by working harder, but less time because in that location ar only so many hours in a day, so time is a scarce. Microeconomics, which deals with individual agents, such as households and business and macroeconomics that is considered the economy as a whole, in which case it considered aggregate supply and demand for money, capital and commodities. In short, microeconomics is to study about the economics behavior of indivi dual consumers, pisseds, and industries and the distribution of overlapion and income among them. It can be considers individuals both as supplier of labour and capital and as the ultimate consumers of the lowest point of intersection. Beside that, it can be use to analysis both immobiles both as suppliers of products and as consumers of labour and capital. Microeconomics also helps to seek analyze the foodstuffplace or the types of chemical mechanism that establish relative footings among the goods and services or allocates societys resources among their many alternative uses. Microeconomics is a very important companionship in the study of economic theory, it has both speculative and practical implications. Microeconomics is a great help that ar efficient in managing the limited resources available in the farming and it is helpful to understand the work of the bleak enterprise economy where at that place is no central control. Microeconomics is the basis of welfare economics, it is used to construct the economic models for the better understanding of the actual economic phenomena. Microeconomics also explains how through commercialize mechanism goods and services produced in the community are distributed. Microeconomics is utilized to explain the gains from international trade, balance of payments disequilibrium and the determination of foreign exchange rate.2.0 Introduction to MonopolyMonopoly is the merchandise structure that exist a single seller and a very massive amount of secureers and selling products that deliver no close re-sentencing and also fool a very high admission and qualifying barrier. In our country, the example of monopoly market are the TNB, Indah Water, and Telekom Malaysia (TM Berhad). If people want to subscribe theater telephone services they only can go to the Telekom Malaysia ( TM Berhad ), because Telekom Malaysia (TM Berhad ) is a monopoly. The word monopoly is a latin word, where mono means single and po ly means sellers. Monopoly have houses that it is the only supplier in the market, and there willing be no close backlog towards the output so monopoly have no treat of rival.2.1 Characteristics of Monopoly at that place are or so characteristics of monopoly market. According to (www.economicsonline.co.uk) monopolies have the ability to maintain a very normal get in the long run. As with all firms, profits are maximized when Marginal Cost ( MC ) = Marginal Revenue (MR). In overall, the profit level are well depend upon the degree of the competition in the market, which for a pure monopoly is zero. At the profit maximization, MC = MR, and the output is Q and the toll is P. Given that the terms ( AR ) is above ATC at Q, supernormal profits are possible ( area P,A,B,C ).Super-normal-profitsMonopoly exists when there is only one seller of a product. Monopoly is the firm that only exist in the patience selling a product that has no close substitution. Monopoly market is the plac e where the monopoly firm operates. In short, there is no difference between a firm and an industry in monopoly as there is only have one seller. A monopolist is a price maker, price maker are defined as firm which has the market power to control the prices. Since there is only one seller or producer so they have the power to control the price of their products in the market. Monopoly firm only sell product that has no close substitute, so that consumers or buyers could not find any substitute for the product that they require. For example, electric supply from our country can only found in TNB which has no close substitute for it. In the monopoly market, there is also few strict barriers to the entry of untested firm. Barriers to entry are most likely natural or legal childbeds that restrict the entry of new firms into the industry because it is very high cost to enter a market that can support only one business example TNB, Indah Water and Telekom Berhad. So a monopolist faces no competition because of the barriers of entry because another(prenominal)(a) producer cannot compete with them due to they dont have the resource at their disposal. Business in monopoly firm may have the copyright for its own product so it will be illegal for other producer to duplicate its product. In short, barriers to entry are designed to block potential entrants from entering a market profitably because barriers to entry are to protect the monopoly power of existing firms and therefore it maintain the supernormal or abnormal profits in the long run. announce in monopoly market are depend on the products that the producer interchange because if products are luxury goods such as imported car, thus the monopoly needs some advertisement to promote their goods so that the consumers are informed about it. Local public utilities such as water, electricity and home phone services do not require advertisement because consumers will have a go at it where to obtain it because ther e is only one to get the products.2.2 Conclusion for Question 1In conclusion, we have learned about monopoly is a market structure that is only single seller and a large numbers of buyers and products that have no substitution. And also there is a very strict barrier of entry and exit to the monopoly market.3.0 Introduction to The meliorateive aspect competitionPerfect competition is a type of market where there are large number of buyers and sellers, the sellers sell identical or homogeneous product. There is also free entry and exists of the firms. Both of the buyers and sellers have perfect knowledge of the market.3.1 Characteristics of The perfect competitionThere are some necessary conditions or requirements in vagabond to be in a perfect competition market. universe with the perfect competition market, there is an important feature of perfect competition is the existence of the large number of buyers and sellers. The market is so lessened compared to the overall industry w here a single seller sells in the market. For example, in the poultry industry, there are thousands of duck producers in Malaysia and individually firm produces only a small fraction of the total poultry industry. Another conditions for perfect competition market is that the firm must sell homogenous or standardized product because the buyers do not differentiate the products of one seller to another seller. For example, the buyers gear differentiate about the ducks that is selling in the Firm A and Firm B. Hence, the firm cant charge different prices for the same product in the market. Once the buyers notice the difference of the quality, box, colour or design of different sellers, then this market is no more in the state of perfect competition market. Even the products are similar but if there is a difference in terms of the packaging and quality then the product is not a homogenous or standardized product anymore. Under the perfect competition market, there is no restriction o n entry of new firms to the industry or exit of the firms from the industry. A firm can enter the perfect competition easily and exit the perfect competition anytime if the firm wants. For example when he/she has the necessary factors of production like land, labour and capital then he/she can operate the business already. If the firm suffers from losses it can leave the industry without any rules and regulations or restrictions.3.2 Introduction to The monopolistic competitionMonopolistic competition is a market structure that have large numbers of small sellers selling differentiated products but these are close substitute products and also have a easy entry into and exit from the market. Compare to perfect competition, monopolistic competition market produce different and sold different but the goods are close substitutes for one another. There are many products in the world represent monopolistic competition such as clothes, shoes, books and other items.3.3 Characteristics of The monopolistic competitionThe characteristics of monopolistic competition market are quite similar with the perfect competition. Similar to perfect competition, there are large numbers of sellers and buyers under the monopolistic competition market. There are large number of firms existing in the monopolistic competition market but it is less as compared to the perfect competition market. Since the size of the firms are small, there is no individual firm can influence the market price. But, if each firm in monopolistic competition market produces different or unique products then they will have some control over the prices. Hence, each firm follows an independent price-output policy. For example, in wax industry, the prices of a 100ml wax range among brands such as gasby, mudwax, spiky and other firms as well. Product specialisation means that the product in the firm is selling or producing are not identical. In monopolistic market competition, the firms that producing the goods are different from its competitor. Each seller will use different methods to differentiate their product from other sellers to attract the buyers and consumers. Product differentiation will gone through the packaging, design, labeling, advertising and brand name. For example, if the firm sold eggs that is in the open shelf, then the eggs will category in perfect competition market. But if the firm packaged their egg in a packaged box and labeled as Best Protein Egg, then this egg is in the monopolistic competition market. In monopolistic competition market, there is no entry and exit barriers in monopolistic competition. However, the entry and exit into the monopolistic competition market is not as easy as the perfect competition market because of the products differentiation. If any new firms that enter the industry, they have to find some differentiation with the existing brands. For example, if Chicken A1 wants to enter the soup industry, then the firm must find some difference in t erm of quality, taste, labeling, and packaging in order to be in the monopolistic competition market. In the monopolistic competition market, there will be stiff competition with other firms for their products and not for the price of the product. Monopolistic competitive firms do not compete using the prices because of the products in the market are having a lot of substitutes. So, the producers or sellers uses various methods to attract the customers to buy their products. Types of non-price competition practices in monopolistic competition market are advertisements, promotion, discounts, free gifts, after-sales service and others.3.4 Introduction to The oligopolyOligopoly is the market structure that there are only a few enough firms selling either standardized or differentiated products and it is very restricted to enter the entry and exit from the market. Under the market structure, some or all the firms in the industry can earn abnormal profits in the long run. This is because of the entry of new firms is difficult or impossible. The oligopolistic firms can impose barriers to the entry in terms of patents or access to a certain technology in the market. The purpose of it is to control excess the production of output, which is vapid for the oligopolistic firms. The example of the oligopoly markets are cigarettes, automobiles, electrical equipment and cement.3.5 Characteristics of The oligopolyThe characteristics of oligopoly market are having few numbers of firms. Under oligopoly, the number of firms is small but the size of the firms is large. The market share of each firm that is large enough to dominate the whole market. Few firms control the overall industry under oligopoly. But there is also no item numbers to control the market before becoming oligopolistic. The main important criterion to become oligopolistic is to have mutual interdependence between these firms. Under the slur like this, firms will considered the reactions of its rivals in deci sion making to create strategic interdependence. There will be strong interdependence among all the firms in the oligopolistic market as the number of the firms will become smaller. But if the number of the firms become larger, then the interdependence between these firms will diminish. In oligopoly market, a product that is sold under oligopoly can be either a homogeneous or a differentiated product. Example, cement or electrical appliances produced by one firm are identical to another firm. Firms that is in oligopolistic market always consider the reaction of other firm rivals when both are choosing price, sales target, advertising budgets and other business policies. This is the important characteristic of an oligopoly firm that differs from other market structures. Because of the number of firms is small, changes in price or output by one firm can have direct effect on another firm. Under the situation of oligopolistic market, there are plenty barriers to entry that is similar t o monopoly. The oligopoly firms have restricted new entrants into the markets. The barriers are to control the certain resources, ownership of patent and copyright, exclusive financial requirements and other legal barriers. In short, large firms may take drastic actions in order to prevent the entry of new firms by flooding the market. These large firms will produce the output at excess production capacity, which would drive the price down. That means new firms that is newly set up will not survive because sometimes the price are set by these large firms is beneath the cost price. Once the new firms are out of the market, the large firms will reduce the production capacity and increase the product price.3.6 Introduction to The monopolyMonopoly is a market structure where there is only one firm in the industry and there is no substitution to it. Monopoly have a very high entry and exit barrier because it is very high cost to enter a market that can support only one business. Monopol y is also a price maker, which has the market power to control the price.3.7 Characteristics of The monopolyMonopoly is just the only seller of the product. The monopoly firm will be the only firm industry that is selling product that has no close substitution at all. Which means consumers can only find the only firm that is selling the only product, consumers could not find any substitute for the product. Besides that, monopoly market have a very strict barriers to the entry of the new firm. Advertising in monopoly market is actually depend on the product it sold. Normally public utilities such as water, electricity and home phone services do not need advertisement because people will know where to go for the product unless it is luxury goods like imported car then it will be needed advertisement to let consumers know about it.

Importance and Benefits of Energy Conservation

Importance and Benefits of Energy ConservationEnergy is defined as the capacity of a physical trunk to perform work. In other words, It can be explained as the ability to perform or complete any type of work whether it is physical or mental activity.We can likewise explain force which includes physical movements ilk shifting just aboutthing from one place to another, melting something or lighting something. Energy exists in numerous forms such as heat, kinetic or mechanical postcode, light, potential energy, electrical or many other forms.It can be better exposit by giving the below mentioned pictorial example of milieu, it shows a chain cycle of converting different forms of energy into heat and causeOil burns to wanton away heatHeat boils peeWater turns to steamSteam pressure turns a turbineTurbine turns an electric generatorGenerator produces electricityElectricity powers light bulbs clear up bulbs give off light and heatWe utilize energy in different forms in our da ily routine life and cannot think even close to to survive without it. We use energy to light our homes and for street lighting as well, to be able to power machineries and equipments in factories, helps to cook our food, for playing music and operate televisions and many more every day regular uses.Energy ConservationIt is the practice of reducing the quantity of energy used. It may be attained with efficient energy use in this case, energy use is change magnituded at the same time getting a same outcome as a result, or by reduced consumption of energy services. It is one of the easiest processes to help the globe by means of pollution in addition to benefit use of natural energy.It may result in increase of financial capital, better environmental results, national security, personal security and human comfort. Individuals and companies are called as direct consumers of energy may need to conserve energy so as to reduce energy expenses and promote economic security. Industrial and business build users may want to increase the efficiency and as a result, it maximizes their benefits as well.Energy conservation is the reduction or removal of unnecessary or unloved energy use.Importance Of Energy ConservationEnergy conservation plays a significant role of lessening climate change. It helps the replacement of non-renewable resources with renewable energy. Energy conservation is often the most inexpensive solution to energy shortages, and it is more environmentally kind alternative to increased energy production.Since, we have limited quantity of non-renewable energy resources available on earth, it is very important to preserve energy from our current supply or to utilize renewable resources so that it is also available to our approaching generations.Energy conservation plays a very important role because practice session of non-renewable resources also impacts our environment. Specially, usage of fossil fuels supplies to line of products and water poll ution such as carbon dioxide is produced when oil, coal and gas combust in power stations, heating systems, and engines of car.As we all aware of that carbon dioxide works as a miasmic layer in the atmosphere that is part of the cause to the global warming of the earth, or we can also name it as greenhouse effect. Global warming has its own consequences in our atmosphere. It has its deadly effects like spreading of different diseases, warmer waters and more chances of hurricanes, financial costs, polar ice melting, increased chances and warmth of heat waves. Ozone depletion is the reduction of the protection layer of ozone in the uppermost atmosphere by chemical pollution. Ozone layer is the protection line between earth and the unseeable rays emitted by the sun. People who have more exposure to UV radiation can have some health problems like DNA damage, skin cancer, age and other problems related to skin.There could be some workable issues that include a danger to human body h ealth, impact on environment like rising sea levels, and major changes in vegetation letth methods. When coal is burned, it realises sulphur dioxide into the manner and therefore, it reacts with water and oxygen in the clouds and forms acid precipitate. Acid rain kills fish and trees and also damage limestone buildings and statutes. These types of global problems can be resolved. As per the data of United States calculated per year, we found that the average familys energy uses produces over 11,200 pounds of air pollutants. Therefore, every unit of kilowatt of electricity preserved diminishes the natural environment impact of energy use.There are some facts which considerably settle the receipts bills of a family. Following are some points covered in Pollution Prevention (P2) concepts which help you to control energy use and methods to conserve energy- fix what you normally use in your daily routineYou should walk or ride a bicycle quite of driving a car and as a result, it em its to roughly 60% of air pollution.At our homes, you should use lights which consume less energy and continue till 10 times more than talented light bulbs.For saving energy in normal daily routine activities like we should air dry our clothes rather than using dryers.We should fit a thermostat which regulates the temperature automatically.Search for that energy appliances which reduce your monthly electricity bills.Changing your activities you do in your everyday practiceYou should plant trees close to your window for natural air, so there will be less usage of air conditioners.Recycle items used in household activities such as cans, plastic water bottles, and newspapers. It saves energy and raw material for qualification the same product.Wash down clothes in filled loads in washing machine and in cold water. Use settings on washing machines, dryers and dishwashers for saving energy.Set the room temperature in thermostat up to 65O F when you are at home and decrease the temperatu re to 55O F, when you are going to sleep.Lastly, you should improve your housekeeping habits in such a way that saves more energy like turning off lights when you are not present in room or not at home, close your heating vents and doors in rooms which are not utilizing any more, clean your air filters regularly in winters as well as in summers, it will work more powerfully and for long period as well. For making a proper use of energy and conserving it, you should share and communicate these facts and information with others in your family, friends and neighbours.There are many other activities which help people to do with conserving or saving energy. For example, we can take the example of a light bulb we use for lighting our homes we could also recycle it and can utilize solar energy kinda of using electricity during the day. Conserving energy is very important for the reasons that we use most of the energy resources are non-renewable. So as to make proper utilization of these r esources, we require finding to begin our search for natural resources. We should use wind power, solar power energy, hydroelectricity, and bio-fuels and as a result that will make our environment healthier and better.(United States Environmental Protection Agency, August 1997)As far as the question of living and non-living factors are concerned, the non living factors like cheerfulness, temperature, rainfall, water and soil. Both the sunlight and the temperature contribute to the energy consumption. If we could use the sunlight in place of light switches in the home as well as we can open the windows instead of runnel the air conditioners that can also cuts out a tremendous amount of electricity that we can utilize later on. In case of water, instead of making use of non-renewable source of energy to recycle the used water or overflow, the plants can be way out to using solar powered and wind powered energy instead. For the soil, option to men farming by hand rather than machine s. If we would grow our own gardens at home instead of running to the vegetable store for tomatoes or other vegetables, we have many natural resources available to make use of, so that we become always be restless and not lazy.As far as it is related to living factors, which also contributes to energy consumption are animals like herbivores, carnivores and omnivores human beings and marine life. In above all, only human beings are the main contributors. We are using the natural energy available to us and also sometimes damage the environment to some extent.(Basics of Energy Efficient life A Beginners Guide to Alternative Energy and Home Energy Savings by Lonnie Wibberding, 2006)Sustainability is a planned method centre by a good business judgement to decrease operating cost and to increase ROI (return on investment). A sustainability strategy is also motivated by an increased customers expectation for green suppliers and enterprise risk management.I have developed some under men tioned sustainability strategies and their solutions that will educate and illustrate the members of our society-Sustainability Goals well-disposed GoalsEcological GoalsSocial GoalsImprove human health and safety It is designed to develop and put into practice a structure for health which will eventually enhance personal and organizational health and well-being as well as improve safety and security.Following action plans should be taken into condition-Set up measurements and situate targets for promoting health and wellness.Expand and apply an early interference program to support the improvement and go back to work patch on efficiency of active toolsPromote new software and data collection systemsIncrease current programs and journal articles that support healthEcological Goals subdue pollutionConserve resourcesReduce pollution It reduces greenhouse gas releases and develop air quality. It also reduces all forms of water and gets better waste removal procedures. It also make bet ter storm water qualityFollowing under mentioned points should be taken into concerned-Buy BC Hydrogen green energy certificatesBuild up a transportation graph to maintain annual average automobile traffic campusSupport the purchase of local products or commodities whenever possibleTo extend new programmes to instruct the society concerning the significance of waste managementCreate clear principle for waste management and utilize of recycled materialsEnlarge programs to decrease the amount of dangerous waste generatedConserve Resources It diminishes non-renewable energy consumption and reduces water consumption and use of paper.Discover the usage of renewable sources of energy like total heat power, micro hydro, ground resources heat pumps, and incorporated p calefactoryovoltaic knowledgeTo make sure new building designs, both residential and institutional, think about forthcoming change to alternate energy sourcesTo plan new buildings to decrease the usage of waterDiminish irrig ation requires during landscape plan, and other programmes planned to conserve waterTo grow and execute campus-wide procedure for exchanging from paper to paper on-line communications for mainly inner operationsTo increase alternatives for purchasing paper with recycled content(The Sustainability Strategy, May, 2006)We are veneer some problems related to power shortage because everyone cannot afford the electricity bills. So, we should plan to do some point urgently to get out of this wasteful air affecting all sectors in our economy. The under mentioned energy conservation measures have been taken by the government to solve our energy problems-Installation of efficient power plants For planning efficiency, we should bring havoc in terms of economic issues and environmental pollution. We can find that combined cycle power plant is being installed with admission cooling to make sure the power plant can function at peak efficiency and peak capacity in summers. Power generation in i ndustrial and commercial sectors is also a source of immense waste. To encourage blue efficiency, special incentives should be offered to industries and commercial complexes to encourage efficient utilization. Also, high efficiency installations should be provided gas on a year round basis where load shedding is followed in winter.Efficient steam or acid water production There are many companies even now operating boilers by making use of our costly gas. All these steam/hot water needs can be effectively formed which means with the similar gas consumption we can produce hundreds of megawatt of power and as a result can meet altogether the steam/hot water requirements.Efficient central air-conditioning- The government sanctioned many companies to install centralised air-conditioning without making sure of economical utilization.Time is passing out and proper steps should be planned for reasonable power as soon as possible.(Paper Articles on Urgent energy conservation steps needed, January, 2009)ReferencesUnited States Environmental Protection Agency. (August 1997). Energy conservation pollution prevention (P2).Lonnie Wibberding. (2006). Basics of Energy Efficient Living A Beginners Guide to Alternative Energy and Home Energy Savings .Inspirations and Aspirations The Sustainability Strategy. (May, 2006).Paper articles on Urgent energy conservation steps needed. (January, 2009).

Essay example --

BUSINESS MODELThe telephone circuit model of an organization is its mean of earning r howeverues and find be. It is the mode of value creation, value delivery and value capture followed by the organization. Its essence is the value proposition to consumers that allows the company to make money from its business.The debased sell Group is a holding company with specialty retailer UNIQLO as its mainstay operation. The SPA business model (Specialty Store Retailer of clannish score Apparel) of core UNIQLO operations is the key to its rapid growth and profitability, integrating and temperling all stages of the supply process, from product planning, through design and manufacture, inventory control and merchandise adjustment, to distribution, marketing and final sales. UNIQLOs business model enables it to balance relatively low price of its products with high quality. This relative product value is uncomparable even by the worlds leading apparel retailers, offering world-class qu ality clothing in world-class quality stores. By perpetually nuance its SPA model, UNIQLO differentiates itself with its unique, original products and low costs. Its consolidated supply chain facilitates quick alteration in production, rapid response to changes in the sales environment, and minimizes store-operation costs. UNIQLOs business model also upturned the trend with large-scale stores in the apparel industry. Typically, with increase in sales floor area, sales and profitability per forthrightly prison term decreases. However, UNIQLO is able to promote sales and reduce costs with its rich product mix, particularly for women. Rivals like Zara and H&M offer latest fashions to the masses, entailing five-fold ordering of new lines to match the ongoing fast-fash... ...REAMS The Companys sales revenue results from sale of merchandise to customers. Marginal revenue also comes from leasing of real estate. rouge RESOURCES Management, root (financial resources, Group know-how, etc.), Personnel, Foreign (avail of manufacturing capacity and marketing capabilities through strategic alliances).KEY ACTIVITIES M&A activities, CSR activities, Overseas activities, Monitoring activities, UNIQLO Japan.KEY PARTNERSHIPS Partner factories in China,Partnerships with visible manufacturers, Strategic partnership between TORAY and UNIQLO since June 2006, resulting in successful product innovation, HEATTECH, Feb 2011 Global Partnership Agreement with UNHCR COST STRUCTURE Purchasing costs, Store-operation costs (personnel costs and rent), promotional costs, Procurement costs, Acquisition costs, Costs of opening new stores. Essay example -- BUSINESS MODELThe business model of an organization is its means of earning revenues and recovering costs. It is the mode of value creation, value delivery and value capture followed by the organization. Its essence is the value proposition to consumers that allows the company to make money from its business.The Fast Retai ling Group is a holding company with specialty retailer UNIQLO as its mainstay operation. The SPA business model (Specialty Store Retailer of Private Label Apparel) of core UNIQLO operations is the key to its rapid growth and profitability, integrating and controlling all stages of the supply process, from product planning, through design and manufacture, inventory control and production adjustment, to distribution, marketing and final sales. UNIQLOs business model enables it to balance relatively low price of its products with high quality. This relative product value is unparalleled even by the worlds leading apparel retailers, offering world-class quality clothing in world-class quality stores. By continuously refining its SPA model, UNIQLO differentiates itself with its unique, original products and low costs. Its consolidated supply chain facilitates quick alteration in production, rapid response to changes in the sales environment, and minimizes store-operation costs. UNIQLOs business model also upturned the trend with large-scale stores in the apparel industry. Typically, with increase in sales floor area, sales and profitability per square meter decreases. However, UNIQLO is able to promote sales and reduce costs with its rich product mix, particularly for women. Rivals like Zara and H&M offer latest fashions to the masses, entailing multiple ordering of new lines to match the ongoing fast-fash... ...REAMS The Companys sales revenue results from sale of merchandise to customers. Marginal revenue also comes from leasing of real estate.KEY RESOURCES Management, Infrastructure (financial resources, Group know-how, etc.), Personnel, Foreign (avail of manufacturing capacity and marketing capabilities through strategic alliances).KEY ACTIVITIES M&A activities, CSR activities, Overseas activities, Monitoring activities, UNIQLO Japan.KEY PARTNERSHIPS Partner factories in China,Partnerships with material manufacturers, Strategic partnership between TORAY and U NIQLO since June 2006, resulting in successful product innovation, HEATTECH, Feb 2011 Global Partnership Agreement with UNHCR COST STRUCTURE Purchasing costs, Store-operation costs (personnel costs and rent), Promotional costs, Procurement costs, Acquisition costs, Costs of opening new stores.

The Rail Center of the Nation :: American History

The Rail Center of the Nation (It got a 98% in AP US-History)The nation network of railroads laid from 1848 through the Civil War, andthe steam powered locomotives that traversed them, supplied Chicago withvast new markets, resources, and people who quickly transformed it from a unagitated Frontier village into a highly populated industrial powerhouse. TheChicago of 1830 was hardly a city at all. Fort Dearborn located near the secern of what is now the Chicago River was bogged down with mud andtormented by disease and Indian wars. By the 1833 when the city wasincorporated, a warehouse, dry goods store, and hotel had all been built. William B. Ogden, the first city manager of Chicago was also the first to attemptto give Chicago a railroad. He chartered the Galena and Chicago Railroadin 1836, but it collapsed with the economic contingency of 1837 (Berger 3). Ogden tried again in 1846, and on October 22, 1848 Chicagos firstlocomotive, Pioneer, was loaded onto the tracks (Casey, Dou glas 59). Inretrospect, Pioneer turned out to be a fitting ca-ca for the citys first appurtenance, because by 1866 there were more than forty railroads servingChicago and the citys population had skyrocketed to just under 300,000. There were many problems that needed to be dogged starting in the 1830s,before a railroad could become a versatile enough to be a cost effectivecarrier of onus and people. The nations original tracks had beenbuilt mainly of wood, although cheaper than iron, it was quickly decidedthat irons durability was well worth the extra cost. Another developmentwas the placement of ballas, or pebbles, that covered the perforate of thetracks and added weight and stability along with drainage to the tracks. Also, the trains were known to collide head on into grazing animals. Theproblem lay in how to keep the animal from beingness pulled under the trainand causing it to derail. This answer came with the placement of a hoodplate on the front of the locomotive so that whatever hit the train wouldbe pushed harmlessly in front of it and could later be cleared withoutendangering the train. Other major safety issues found solutions with theutilization of lights and horns (Gordon 27-33). By 1848, when Chicago was piddle to start building railroads, the technology had already beendeveloped enough to conduct real business.Charters for railroads leading to Chicago soon began to pour in. After the Galena and Chicago kernel Railroad was completed shortly after